Metastatic Disease to Bone
Osteoblastic, Osteolytic

• Metastases are most common malignant bone tumors
• Most involve axial skeleton
  • Skull, spine and pelvis
  • Rarely do mets occur distal to elbows or knees
• Spread hematogenously
  • Most frequently occur where red bone marrow is found
  • Mets to spine frequently destroy posterior vertebral body including pedicle first=”pedicle-sign”
• 90% of skeletal mets are multiple
• Primary carcinomas that frequently metastasize to bone
  • The next four lesions comprise 80% of all metastases to bone
    • Breast (70% of bone mets in women)
    • Lung
    • Prostate (60% of all bone mets in men)
    • Kidney
  • Also
    • Thyroid
    • Stomach and intestines
      
      
• Clinical
  
  
  • Most lesions are asymptomatic
    • When symptomatic, pain is major symptom
  • Fractures of the lesser trochanter in adults should be considered pathologic until proven otherwise
    
    
• Imaging Findings
  
  
  • In general, mets have little or no soft tissue mass associated with them
  • Usually no periosteal reaction
  • May appear as moth-eaten, permeative or geographic lesions
    • Indistinct zones of transition
    • No sclerotic margins
    • May be expansile
    • Soap-bubbly (septated)
    • May be sharply circumscribed or have indistinct borders
  • Metastases that are typically purely lytic
    • Kidney
    • Thyroid
  • Metastases that are usually mixed lytic and sclerotic
    • Lung
    • Breast
  • Metastases that are usually purely blastic
    • Prostate
    • Medulloblastoma
    • Bronchial carcinoid
  • No matter what the primary, skull metastases are usually lytic in appearance
     

• Imaging findings suggestive of a particular primary tumor
  
  
  • Lesions distal to elbows and knees
    • 50% are from lung and breast
  • Expansile and lytic (soap-bubbly)
    • Renal cell
  • Diffuse skeletal sclerosis or multiple round, well-circumscribed sclerotic lesions
    • Prostate
    • Breast

Multiple osteoblastic metastases to the pelvis and lumbar vertebral bodies from carcinoma of the prostate
Note discrete rounded sclerotic lesions in right ilium and "ivory vertebra" involving
L4 and S1.

Multiple osteoblastic metastases to the pelvis and lumbar vertebral bodies from carcinoma of the prostate. Another case again shows innumerable, rounded sclerotic lesions throughout pelvis and femurs and an "ivory vertebra" involving
L4 and S1.

• Cookie-bite lesions of the cortices of long bones
  • Lung

• Radioscintographic studies
  • Bone scans are extremely sensitive but not very specific
  • 10-40% of lesions will not be visible on plain film but will be positive on bone scans
  • CT or MRI can be used to show findings in patients with negative conventional radiographs and positive bone scans
    
    
• Complications of metastases to bone
  
  
  • Pathologic fractures
    • Destruction of 50% or more of bone suggests impending pathologic fracture
  • Spinal cord compression
  • Treated lytic mets may become sclerotic with treatment

Orthopedic Radiology: A Practical Approach, Greenspan, Adam; Lippincott, 2000

Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders, Resnick, Donald, W. B. Saunders

Musculoskeletal Imaging: The Requisites, Manaster, BJ et al; Mosby, 2002