Spondylosis
n Degenerative disease
n Disc desiccation, bulges and protrusions
n Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy
n Facet arthritis and hypertrophy
n Degenerative spondylolisthesis (seen in 7% of asx
patients)
n Osteophytes
n All combine to cause stenosis of spaces that
nerve roots pass through:
n Canal, lateral recess, neural foramen