Atelectasis
Atelectasis
Atelectasis
Definition
Loss of lung volume
Not necessarily associated with
increased lung density
Atelectasis
Types of
Resorptive (obstructive)
Passive (compressive)
Adhesive (subsegmental)
Cicatrization (scarring)
Atelectasis
Resorptive–General Considerations
Air will disappear from healthy,
obstructed lobe in 18-24 hours
Oxygen much more readily absorbed
than air
Will become apparent within an hour if high
pO2
Atelectasis
Passive (Compression)
Collapse 2° space-occupying lesion
Pneumothorax
Hydrothorax
Density of the collapsed lung doesn’t
increase until lung reaches 1/10 normal
volume
Balanced reduction in blood flow
Air increases overall lucency of hemithorax
Air bronchograms may be seen
because bronchi do not collapse
Round atelectasis is form of passive
atelectasis
Atelectasis
Passive (Compression)
Alveolar collapse in the presence of
patent airways
May be due to inactivation of surfactant
RDS of newborn
Acute radiation pneumonitis
Viral pneumonia
Possibly post-op CABG
Atelectasis
Adhesive (Subsegmental
Subsegmental Atelectasis
General
Frequently seen in patients
who
Are post-op
Have closed chest trauma
Have pleuritic chest pain
All are splinting
Subsegmental Atelectasis
X-ray Appearance
Linear densities usually parallel to
hemidiaphragm
Mostly at bases
Clear in a few days
Underlying pathology is fibrosis
Localized form
Characterized by scarring in the upper lobe
from TB
Generalized form
May occur in diffuse interstitial fibrosis
Atelectasis
Cicatrization
Atelectasis
Direct Sign
Displacement of interlobar fissures
Predictable and recognizable patterns
Atelectasis
Indirect Signs
Increase in lung density
Not essential to definition
Elevation of the hemidiaphragm
Mediastinal shift
Compensatory overinflation
Approximation of ribs
Signs of Atelectasis
Elevation of Hemidiaphragm
Much more likely in lower lobe atelectasis
Signs of Atelectasis
Mediastinal Shift
Usually greatest in area of greatest loss
of volume
Upper lobe, shift of upper trachea
Signs of Atelectasis
Compensatory Overinflation
With larger losses of volume, more of
contralateral lung overinflates
Appears anteriorly on lateral
Signs of Atelectasis
Other Signs
Absence of visibility of interlobar artery
On left, absence mitigates against pleural
fluid
Air bronchograms are absent only in
resorptive atelectasis
Atelectasis
Which Indirect Signs Predominate
Acute atelectasis
Elevation of hemidiaphragm
Mediastinal displacement
Chronic atelectasis
Compensatory hyperinflation
Patterns of Atelectasis
Inflated lobe likened to pyramid with apex
at hilum and base at parietal pleura
As lobe loses volume, pyramid flattens
Apex remains at hilum, base remains at
parietal pleura
Degree of collapse 2° amount of fluid in
lobe
Collapse of the Entire Lung
Mediastinum most affected
Anterior mediastinum most mobile
Mediastinal shift toward the side of
atelectasis
Contralateral lung displaced across
midline, anterior to heart
Important DDX from massive consolidation
or pleural effusion
RUL Atelectasis
X-Ray Appearance
Minor fissure moves upward
Major fissure moves forward
Pancakes toward superior mediastinum
Juxtaphrenic peak
Tenting of R hemidiaphragm of
questionable significance
LUL Atelectasis
X-Ray Appearance
Major fissure moves forward
Superior segment of lower lobe creeps
over apical segment
Apex of lung usually aerated
Lufsichel sign
Aerated superior segment interposes
between collapsed upper lobe and
mediastinum
RML Atelectasis
X-Ray Appearance
Easier to see on lateral than PA
Minor fissure moves downward
Major fissure moves upward
If apex of collapsed segment bulges,
suspect central mass
RLL and LLL Atelectasis
X-Ray Appearance
Upper half of major fissure moves
downward
Lower half of major fissure moves
backward
Whole lobe moves posteromedially
LLL and RLL Atelectasis
X-Ray Appearance
Descending pulmonary (interlobar)
artery is obscured
Mediastinal wedge
Triangular density in costovertebral angle
RML and RLL Atelectasis
X-Ray Appearance
Indistinguishable from RLL atelectasis
May be mistaken for pleural effusion
Look for descending pulmonary artery