Embolic Disease
© William Herring, MD, FACR
Embolic Diseases
Thromboembolic Disease
Septic Emboli
Fat Embolism
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Metallic Mercury Embolism
Thromboembolic Disease
Thromboembolic Disease
General-1
Only 1/3 of pts. with fatal PE have
symptomatic DVT
Misdiagnosed more than half the time
DVT suspected clinically <30%
Most emboli do not produce infarction
Thromboembolic Disease
Sites
Mostly lower lobes
Greater blood supply
Usually multiple (62%)
Bilateral half the time
Thromboembolic Disease
Clinical
Dyspnea (86%)
Pleuritic chest pain (72%)
Cough (70%)
Apprehension (59%)
Hemoptysis (34%)
Thromboembolic Disease
Imaging-1
Normal chest x-ray
Westermark's sign
Abrupt cutoff and increased caliber of
descending branch of PA
“Knuckle” sign
Westermark’s Sign-Left Lung
Note the number of vessels in each lung
Westermark’s Sign-CT
Large left pulmonary embolus (red arrow) causes
a paucity of blood vessels in left lung
Thromboembolic Disease
Imaging-2
Elevation of hemidiaphragm
Pleural effusion
Discoid atelectasis
Infiltrate
Usually basal and abutting pleural surface
Right pleural effusion-Right PE
Embolism without Infarction
Most PEs (90%)
Frequently normal chest x-ray
SSA
Pleural effusion
Westermark’s sign
“Knuckle” sign
Elevated hemidiaphragm
Embolism with Infarction
Consolidation
Cavitation
Pleural effusion (bloody in 65%)
SSA
No air bronchograms
“Melting” sign of healing
Heals with linear scar
Septic Emboli
Septic Emboli
Causes-1
Two major sources
Tricuspid endocarditis
Septic thrombophlebitis
Septic Emboli
Causes-2
Predisposing condition almost always
present
Drug addiction
Alcoholism
Immunologic deficiencies
Congenital heart disease (shunts)
Septic Emboli
Imaging
Multiple solid nodules, or
Multiple thin-walled cavities
Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy may be
present
Rapid resolution with treatment
Multiple Cavitating Septic Emboli
Fat Embolism
Fat Embolism
General-1
Nearly all result from trauma
Usually leg fractures
Pathologically, fat embolism is
very common
As high as 97% after injury
Fat Embolism
General-2
Carried via bloodstream as neutral
triglycerides and converted by pulmonary
lipase to unsaturated fatty acids
Most common in
Young people in MVAs with leg fractures
Older people with hip fractures
Post-arthroplasty
Fat Embolism
Clinical
Resp:
Dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis
CNS:
Confusion, restlessness, delirium,
stupor
Skin:
Petechiae or rash
Blood:
Hypocalcemia
Calcium bound by free fatty acids
Urine:
Fat in the urine
Lipiduria
Fat Embolism
Imaging
Chest x-ray usually normal
Takes 1– 3 days following trauma for full
picture to develop
DDX from lung contusion
Typical appearance is pulmonary
edema-
like, sometimes affecting periphery or
bases more than CHF does
Fat Embolism from Femur Fracture
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
General-1
Develops only if fetal products (skin and
meconium) enter maternal blood stream
Onset is immediate
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
General-2
Particles are filtered out in pulmonary
vascular bed and produce
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Shock
Pulmonary edema
Hypoxemia
May produce rapidly fatal anaphylactic
reaction or DIC
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Predisposing Conditions
Predisposing conditions include
Multiparity
Intrauterine fetal death
Older age of the mother
Difficult or prolonged labor
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Imaging
Pulmonary edema indistinguishable from
CHF
DDX: massive pulmonary hemorrhage and
Mendelsohn’s syndrome
Oil Embolism
Oil Embolism
General
Occurs 100% of the time following
lymphangiography
Most who demonstrate it on x-ray have
lymphatic obstruction
Oil Embolism
Imaging
Manifests as very fine granular, then
reticular interstitial pattern
Rarely produces symptoms
Metallic Mercury Embolism
Metallic Mercury Embolism
General
May be introduced by
Drug abusers
Attempted suicide
For “Muscle quickness”
Produces mild inflammatory reaction
Excretion is via kidney
Metallic Mercury Embolism
Imaging
Characteristic appearance in lungs of
diffuse metal density
Goes to dependent portion of lung at time
of injection
Metallic Mercury Embolism
The End