Teratomas, Seminomas and
Choriocarcinomas
Germ Cell Neoplasms of Anterior
Mediastinum
© William Herring, MD, FACR
Group Includes
Benign and malignant teratomas
Seminomas
Choriocarcinomas
Benign dermoid cysts
Embryonal cell carcinomas
Teratomas
General
10% of all mediastinal masses
About same frequency as thymomas
Occur in 3rd and 4th decades
Thymomas occur later in life
5% of teratomas occur in mediastinum
Rare site for occurrence of teratomas, most
being ovarian in origin
Teratoma
Definitions
Epidermoid
=all ectodermal derivatives
Dermoid
= ectoderm and mesoderm
Teratoma
= ectoderm, mesoderm and
endodermal components
Teratomas
Clinical
Usually asymptomatic
Rare rupture of dermoid into trachea will
lead to
trichoptysis
—expectoration of
hair
Teratomas
Physiologic Activity
Thyroid hormone
Alpha fetoprotein
HCG
Amylase
Lipase
Teratomas
Embryology
Arise from primitive germ cell rests which
should migrate along urogenital ridge to
primitive gonad but whose journey is
interrupted in mediastinum
Arise from primitive germ cell rests which
should migrate along urogenital ridge to
primitive gonad but whose journey is
interrupted in mediastinum
Teratomas
Malignancy
Most cystic lesions are benign
Most solid lesions are malignant
Overall about 30% are malignant
Teratomas
Imaging
May be cystic or solid
Most are cystic
Most occur in anterior mediastinum
Near junction of great vessels and heart
Calcification may occur rarely
Of no help since thymomas also calcify
Exception would be very rare occurrence of a
tooth or bone in dermoid
Teratoma
Teratomas
CT Appearance
CT shows fatty mass
Globular calcifications
Rarely a tooth or bone
Benign lesions are usually smooth
Malignant masses tend to be lobulated
Rapid increase in size usually means
hemorrhage into a cyst rather than
malignancy
Teratoma with fat, calcium and soft tissue
Teratoma
Mediastinal Seminoma
Rare
Almost always in young men
Identical to testicular seminoma and
ovarian dysgerminoma
May be well-encapsulated or invasive
Tends to be lobulated
Cannot be differentiated from teratoma
Primary Choriocarcinoma-1
Even rarer than seminoma in mediastinum
Only 23 reported in the literature, almost
all in men
Occur between 20-30 years
May be lobulated
Primary Choriocarcinoma-2
May have elevated beta sub unit of HCG
Growth is very rapid leading to dyspnea,
hemoptysis, stridor
Gynecomastia and a + Aschheim-Zondek
test can occur
Rapidly fatal
The End