Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis
©
William Herring, MD, FACR
Widespread formation of non-caseating
granulomas
3:1 female:male
14:1 black:white predominance
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
elevated in 70%
Sarcoid
General
Sarcoid
General
Kveim skin test
Positive in (70%) but rarely used today
Lofgren Syndrome:
Acute bilateral hilar adenopathy, fever,
erythema nodosum and arthralgia
Intrathoracic disease (90%)
Sarcoid
Stage I
Adenopathy alone (43%) - Stage 1
Intrathoracic adenopathy in 80%
Location
Bilateral hilar and (R) paratracheal
Most common (75-90%)
“1-2-3 sign”, “Pawn-broker’s sign”,“Garland sign”
Sarcoid
Stage I
Location
Unilateral hilar nodes rare (3-8%)
Egg-shell calcification hilar nodes in long-standing
sarcoid
Rare
DDX: Silicosis
Sarcoid-Stage I-Bilateral Hilar Adenopathy
Sarcoid
Stage II
Adenopathy and parenchymal disease
(41%)-Stage 2
Adenopathy usually decreases as
parenchymal disease increases
About 1/3 of patients with adenopathy
develop parenchymal disease
Sarcoid-Stage II-Bilateral Hilar Adenopathy
and Parenchymal Lung Disease
Sarcoid
Stage III
Parenchymal disease alone (30%)
Adenopathy does not develop
subsequent to parenchymal disease
If adenopathy develops, think of lymphoma or
TB
Sarcoid-Stage III-Parenchymal Lung Disease
without Hilar Adenopathy
Sarcoid
Stage IV
End-stage lung disease-Stage 4
Diffuse fibrosis
Bronchiectasis-honeycomb
lung
Multiple cysts
Sarcoid-Stage IV-Diffuse Scarring, Cystic
Disease and Bronchiectasis
Sarcoid
Patterns of lung disease
Reticulonodular (46%)
Acinar pattern (20%)
Larger nodules
“Alveolar sarcoid” (2%)
Coalescence of numerous interstitial
granulomas
Air bronchograms present
DDX: Alveolar cell ca, alveolar proteinosis,
lymphoma
“Alveolar” Sarcoid
Associated with TB (13%)
Pleural effusion (2%)
Usually exudate with lymphocytic
predominance
Cavitation of nodules (<1%)
Fungus ball formation in chronic
sarcoid cavities (usually TB)
Focal pleural thickening
Sarcoid
Uncommon Manifestations
Sarcoid with Bilateral Aspergillomas
(Fungus Balls)
Bronchostenosis with lobar atelectasis
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Cor pulmonale
Pneumothorax 2° chronic lung disease
Sarcoid
Uncommon Manifestations
Sarcoid-Stage IV with Right Tension
Pneumothorax
Peripheral adenopathy (30%)
Liver
Hepatomegaly
Spleen
Splenomegaly
Sarcoid
Extrathoracic Disease
Bone-especially hands
Skin
Erythema nodosum
Lupus pernio (raised purplish
nodules)
Sarcoid
Extrathoracic Disease
Sarcoid of the Foot-Lytic, Punched-out
Lesions (Heart-shaped)
Sarcoid
E
xtrathoracic disease
Muscle
Myopathy
Eyes
Uveitis
Uveoparotid fever
CNS
Granulomatous meningitis
Facial nerve palsy
Myocardium
Arrhythmias
Heart block
Cardiomyopathy
Salivary gland
Parotid enlargement
Sarcoid
E
xtrathoracic disease
3/4 show complete resolution of hilar
adenopathy
1/3 show complete resolution of
parenchymal disease
20% have irreversible pulmonary
fibrosis
Sarcoid
Prognosis
The End