Pneumonia
All copyrighted material retains the rights of the original authors
©
William Herring, MD, FACR
Gram Positive
Pneumonias
Gram Positive Pneumonias
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Staphylococcal pneumonia
Streptococcal pneumonia
Nocardiosis
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
General
Most common gram positive pneumonia
90% community acquired
Organism: strep pneumoniae
Inflammatory edema in alveoli spread via
pores of Kohn to more lateral alveoli
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Predisposing Conditions
Usually found in compromised hosts
Elderly
Type 3 especially fatal to elderly
Debilitated, sicklers
Most often types 8, 4, 5 and 12
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
X-ray Findings
Organism aspirated into lungs
Predilection for lower lobes
Extensive infiltrate abutting pleural surface
Prominent air bronchograms
DDX: Staph has no air bronchogram
Does not respect segmental boundaries
Pneumococcal pneumonia
©
R3
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Resolution
Resolution begins promptly with antibiotics
Frequently within 24 hours
Rapidly Clearing Alveolar Infiltrate
1.
Pneumococcal pneumonia
2.
Hemorrhage
3.
Pulmonary edema
4.
Aspiration
DDX
Day 1
Day 2
Rapid Clearing
Staph Pneumonia
Staph Aureus Pneumonia
General
Most common bronchopneumonia
Overwhelming majority hospital-acquired
Rarely develops in healthy adults
Most common cause of death during
influenza epidemics
Produces pathologic reaction in
conducting airways
Hemolyzes blood agar, coagulase
positive
Pathology in humans due to production of
coagulase
Staph Aureus Pneumonia
General
Staph Aureus Pneumonia
X-ray
Rapid spread through lungs
Empyema, especially in children
No air bronchogram
Pneumothorax, pyopneumothorax
Abscess formation, pneumatocoele
Bronchopleural fistula
Infiltrates with Effusion
1.
Staph pneumonia
2.
Strep pneumonia
3.
TB
4.
Pulmonary infarct
DDX
Staph Aureus Pneumonia
Appearance In Children
Rapidly developing
lobar/multilobar consolidation
Pleural effusion (90%)
Pneumatocoele
Staph pneumonia
Day 1
Day 4
Staph pneumonia with cavitation
Staph pneumonia with pneumatocoele
Staph pneumonia with empyema
Staph Aureus Pneumonia
Appearance In Adults
Patchy bronchopneumonia, segmental
distribution
Frequently bilateral
May be associated with atelectasis since
airways are filled
Not so with pneumococcal
Pleural effusion (50%)
Staph pneumonia
© R3
Staph pneumonia with atelectasis
©
Gower
Strep Pneumonia
Streptococcus Pyrogenes
Pneumonia
Most common in winter
Only 5% of bacterial pneumonias
Group A Beta hemolytic strep
Predisposed
Newborns and following measles
Streptococcal Pneumonia
X-ray Findings
Looks like staph pneumonia
Less tendency to produce
pneumatocoeles
Almost always lower lobes
Patchy bronchopneumonia
Empyemas do form
Strep pneumonia
© R3
Strep pneumonia
Strep pneumonia in newborn
© R3
Streptococcal Pneumonia
Complications and Associations
Complications
Bronchiectasis
Lung abscess
Glomerulonephritis
Associated with
Delayed onset of diaphragmatic hernias
in newborns
Nocardiosis
Nocardiosis
Gram-positive, acid-fast bacterium
Occurs in immunocompromised
Multiple nodules with or without
cavitation
Empyemas occur
Nocardiosis – nodules with cavitation
© R3
Gram Negative
Pneumonias
Gram Negative Pneumonias
Pseudomonas
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Serratia
Anaerobic
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
General
Gram negative rod
Frequently hospital-acquired
Frequently related to inhalators or
nebulizers
Many patients on multiple antibiotics and/or
steroids
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Predisposed
COPD
CHF
Alcoholism
Kidney disease
Those with trachs
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
X-ray Findings
Resembles staph pneumonia
Predilection for lower lobes
Usually affects both lungs
Contains multiple small lucencies
Lung abscess > 2 cm may also occur
Widespread nodular shadows another
manifestation
Pseudomonas pneumonia with multiple cystic
lucencies
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas lung abscess
Cavitating Pneumonia
1.
Staph
2.
Strep
3.
TB
4.
Gram negative pneumonia
DDX
Pseudomonas lung abscess
Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia
General
Encapsulated, gram negative rods
Most are hospital-acquired
Most occur in chronic alcoholics
Aspirated into lungs
Most are unilateral and right sided
Klebsiella Pneumonia
X-ray Findings
Produces excessive amounts of
inflammatory exudate
Affected lung gains volume and fissures bulge
Bulging fissure sign
Abscess and cavity formation common
Pleural effusion and empyema common
Klebsiella with bulging fissure
Cavitating Klebsiella pneumonia
© R3
Klebsiella Pneumonia
X-ray Findings
May result in gangrene of lung
Massive pieces of lung tissue fall into
an abscess cavity
Serratia marcescens may cause
bronchopneumonia
Anaerobic Organisms
General
Frequently from aspiration of gastric
contents
Organisms include:
Bacteroides melaninogenicus
B. fragilis
Anaerobic Organisms
X-ray Findings
Almost always lower lobes
Frequently right-sided
Homogeneous consolidation
About 70% have pleural involvement–
effusion, empyema
May progress very rapidly
Half develop abscesses
Anaerobic lower lobe cavitary pneumonia
Anaerobic pneumonia with effusion
Other Pneumonias
Other Pneumonias
Cryptococcus
Varicella
Pneumocystis
Actinomycosis
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Coccidiomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis
(Torulosis)
Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
Found in soil contaminated with pigeon
excrement
Granulomatous disease
Diabetics, immunocompromised
Frequently produces meningitis
Cryptococcosis
X-ray
Well circumscribed peripheral mass (40%)
Lobar/segmental consolidation (35%)
Cavitation (15%)
Hilar/ mediastinal adenopathy
Cryptococcal nodule
Varicella Pneumonia
Varicella Pneumonia
General
Occurs most often > 19 years old
Associated with vesicular rash
11% mortality rate
Varicella Pneumonia
X-ray Findings
Patchy, diffuse air space consolidation
Tendency to coalesce near hila
Widespread nodules can occur (30%)
Tiny calcifications remain in 2%
DDX:histoplasmosis, alveolar microlithiasis
Acute Varicella pneumonia
© R3
Chronic Varicella with multiple calcifications
Pneumocystis Carinii
Pneumonia
PCP
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
General
Fungus pneumocystis carinii
Most common cause of pneumonia in
immunocompromised hosts
Often associated with CMV, herpes
simplex, MAI
Lymphopenia foretells poor prognosis
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
X-ray
Most often central location, reticular
infiltrate
Resembles pulmonary edema
Pleural effusion uncommon
Hilar adenopathy does not occur
Gallium taken up prior to x-ray changes
PCP
PCP mimicking CHF
PCP
© R3
PCP
© R3
Two different patients
PCP
© R3
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Associated Findings
May be associated with nodules
Kaposi’s, lymphoma, septic emboli
Cavities may occur
Superimposed fungal, mycobacterial
infection
Bullae and thin walled cysts (38%)
Pneumothorax (18%)
PCP with pneumatocoele formation
© R3
Actinomycosis
Actinomycosis
General
Actinomyces israeli, gram+ pleomorphic
anaerobic bacterium
Related to the morphology of fungus and
Mycobacterium—not acid fast
Once was most common pulmonary
fungal disease
White or yellow “sulfur granules”
Really mycelial clumps
Actinomycosis
Continued
Rod shaped form found “normally” in
dental caries, gingival margins, tonsillar
crypts and GI tract
Predisposed: poor dental hygiene and
immunosuppressed
Affects mandibulofacial area, intestinal
tract and lung, in that order
Mandibulofacial Actinomycosis
Osteomyelitis of mandible — with soft
tissue mass – “lumpy jaw”
Intestinal Actinomycosis
Resembles Crohn’s disease
May produce rupture of hollow
viscus, especially appendix
May produce fistula formation
Pulmonary Actinomycosis
X-ray Findings
Consolidation which extends across
fissure — peripheral and lower lobe
DDX for lung consolidation which extends
through chest wall:
Blastomycosis
TB
Crytococcosis
Pulmonary Actinomycosis
X-ray Findings–Continued
Abscess
Empyema
Osteomyelitis of the rib
Wavy periosteal reaction, rarely rib
destruction
Draining chest wall sinuses
If chronic, it results in severe fibrosis
Actinomycosis
Actinomycosis extends from lung through pleura
Mycoplasma
Pneumonia
Mycoplasma
Pneumonia
Primary
atypical
pneumonia
Primary
atypical
pneumonia
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Primary atypical pneumonia
Commonest cause of nonbacterial pneumonia
Mild course
Lasts 2-3 weeks
Peak in autumn and winter
Common
1/3 of all pneumonias in service personnel
Organism: Eaton agent=pleuropneumonia-like
organism (PPLO) – probably a bacterium
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Clinical
One group has acute onset of fever, cough,
chest pain with segmental pneumonia
Other group has 1-4 week history of lethargy
and SOB usually with interstitial disease
May have bullous myringitis
Cultures take 3 months so 4X rise in cold
agglutinins is used in diagnosis
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
X-ray Findings
Acute interstitial infiltrate
Lower lobes radiating from hila (early)
Then alveolar infiltrates
Usually unilateral and almost always
segmental
Small pleural effusion in 20%
Rare hilar adenopathy
Mycoplasma pneumonia
© R3
Mycoplasma pneumonia with B/L infiltrates
© R3
©
Gower
Mycoplasma pneumonia with B/L infiltrates
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Complications
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Erythema multiforme
High fever
Stomatitis
Pneumonia
Erythema nodosum
Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Caused by Coccidioides imitus
Soil fungus endemic to Southwest (San
Joaquin Valley)
Primary Coccidioidomycosis
Most are asymptomatic
Clinically, may have arthralgias, skin
rash
X-ray
Patchy infiltrates mainly in lower lobes
(80%)
Hilar adenopathy (20%)
Pleural effusion (10%)
Disseminated
Coccidioidomycosis
Meningeal spread
Micronodular lung pattern
Coccidiomycosis
©
Gower
Chronic Coccidioidomycosis
One or more well-defined nodules
(5%)
“Grape-skin” thin-walled, upper lobe
cavity
Mostly solitary
Resembles TB
Mediastinal adenopathy (10%)
Chronic Coccidiomycosis - nodule
©
Gower
Chronic Coccidiomycosis
Chronic Coccidiomycosis-thin-walled cavity
Coccidiomycosis
Nodular Infectious Diseases
1.
Nocardiosis
2.
Coccidiomycosis
3.
Cryptococcosis
4.
Varicella
Take Home Points
Pneumococcal pneumonia can clear in
48 hrs
Staph produces loculated effusions and
pneumatocoeles
Nocardiosis has multiple nodules with
or without cavitation
Take Home Points
Pseudomonas - lower lobes; multiple
small lucencies
Klebsiella - heavy exudate; bulging
fissure
Actinomycosis – extends through
pleura
Take Home Points
Mycoplasma – lower lobe; dormitory
settings
Coccidiomycosis – thin-walled cavity
The End