Diseases of
The Diaphragm
Diseases of
The Diaphragm
All Photos Retain the Copyright of their Original Authors
© William Herring, MD, FACR
Anatomy of the Diaphragm
Muscle slips attach to 7-12th ribs
Innervated by phrenic n. (C4, C3 and C5)
Central portion is tendinous; outer portion
muscular
Right is 1/2 interspace higher than left
in
90%
Mean diaphragmatic excursion = 0.8-8.0cm
Elevation of the
Diaphragm
Elevation of the Hemidiaphragm
Causes
Subpulmonic effusion
Dome is laterally displaced
Straight edge on lateral at major fissure
Elevation of the Hemidiaphragm
Causes
Decreased lung volume
Atelectasis
Hypoplastic lung
Small pulmonary artery, dextrocardia, scimitar vein
Elevation of the Hemidiaphragm
Causes
Poor inspiration
Elevation of the Hemidiaphragm
Causes
Phrenic Nerve
Paralysis
BrCa
Mets
Iatrogenic-post
CABG
Idiopathic
Elevation of the Hemidiaphragm
Causes
Abdominal Disease
Subphrenic abscess
Right=subhepatic-
appendicitis
Left 2° ulcer perforation
Liver mass
Interposition of the colon
Distended stomach
R3
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Elevation of the Hemidiaphragm
Causes
Congenital
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Traumatic Rupture of
the Diaphragm
Eventration of the
Diaphragm
Diaphragmatic Hernias
Types of
Congenital
Diaphragmatic
Hernias
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias
General
Absence of closure of pleuroperitoneal fold
9th gestational week
Male to female ratio of 2:1
1:2,000 live births
Left > right 9:1
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias
Associated Anomalies
CNS–neural tube defects
GI–malrotation, omphalocoeles
CV
GU
IUGR
Foramina of Morgagni
Foramina of Bochdalek
Fraser & Pare
Bochdalek Hernia
General
90% of congenital hernias
Posterolateral defect
Abnormality of cephalic fold of
pleuroperitoneal membrane
Left (80%), right (15%), B/L (5%)
Babies–large
Adults–small
Bochdalek Hernia
Organs Involved
Bowel
Spleen
Fat
Liver (left lobe)
Kidney, pancreas
Stomach
Bochdalek Hernia
The “B’s”
Babies
Back
Big
Foramen of Bochdalek Hernia
R3
Foramen of Bochdalek Hernia
Foramen of Bochdalek Hernia-Kidney
R3
Foramen of Bochdalek Hernia
Morgagni Hernia
General
Anteromedial parasternal defect (Space
of Larrey)
Maldevelopment of septum transversum
Overweight, middle-aged, women
Right > left (heart protects)
Associated with
Pericardial defects
Omental fat in pericardial space
Morgagni Hernia
Organs Involved
Liver
Bowel
Morgagni Hernia
The “M’s”
Middle (anterior and central)
Mature (older children)
Miniscule
Foramen of Morgagni Hernia
Foramen of Morgagni Hernia
Foramen of Morgagni Hernia
Congenital Absence
of the Diaphragm
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Congenital Absence of Diaphragm
General
Delayed onset of hernia may occur
following streptococcal infection
Congenital Absence of Diaphragm
Imaging Findings
Initially, hemithorax may appear opaque
because loops are fluid-filled
Paucity of bowel loops beneath diaphragm
Once air swallowing begins, multiple
lucencies contained within bowel are seen in
chest
Respiratory distress may increase as intestine
occupies more of thorax
Congenital Absence of Diaphragm
Imaging Findings
Some loops may remain fluid-filled
Mediastinal shift to the opposite side
Relative paucity of gas in abdomen
If stomach remains in abdomen, it is more
centrally located than normal
Congenital Absence of Diaphragm
Prognosis
Intrathoracic stomach
60%
Intra-abdominal stomach
6%
Polyhydramnios
89%
Operative mortality
40-50%
Mortality
Congenital Absence of Diaphragm
DDX
Cystic adenomatoid malformation
Staphylococcal pneumonia
Mediastinal cyst
Congenital Absence of the Diaphragm
Congenital Absence of the Diaphragm
R3
Congenital Absence of the Diaphragm
R3
Diaphragmatic
Rupture
Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia
Diaphragmatic Rupture
Etiology
Blunt trauma (5–50%)
2° increased intra-abdominal pressure
MVA
Fall from height
Penetrating trauma (50%)
Knife, bullet
Diaphragmatic Rupture
General
5% of all diaphragmatic hernias
Most (90%) are left-sided
Central and posterior >10cm in length
Contain stomach, colon, small bowel,
omentum, spleen
Half have no initial abnormal radiographic
findings
Half are missed clinically
Diaphragmatic Rupture
General
Associated with
Fx ribs
Pneumoperitoneum
Ruptured spleen
Delayed diagnosis = higher mortality
MRI most useful in showing site of tear
Diaphragmatic Rupture
Imaging Findings
Air/fluid levels in left hemithorax
Contralateral shift of heart and
mediastinal structures
Absence of bowel in abdomen
NGT in left hemithorax
“Pinch-cock” “hourglass” configuration
MRI shows diaphragm in all planes
Diaphragmatic Rupture
Diaphragmatic Rupture
Diaphragmatic Rupture
Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia
Complications
Strangulation of bowel
Hydrothorax/hemothorax 2° strangulation
Hiatal Hernia
Hiatal Hernia
General
Most common form of diaphragmatic
hernia in adult
Air/fluid level(s) in “mass” posterior to
heart
May contain entire stomach
Can lead to volvulus
Usually projects to left of spine
Hiatal hernia
Hiatal hernia
Eventration of the
Diaphragm
Eventration of the Diaphragm
General
Congenitally thin muscular portion of
hemidiaphragm
Still, incidence increases with age
Anteromedial on right
R:L 5:1
When on left, usually whole hemidiaphragm
Eventration right hemidiaphragm
Eventration left hemidiaphragm
Paralysis of the
Diaphragm
Paralysis of the Hemidiaphragm
Most often from phrenic nerve involvement
Neoplasms, CABG surgery (2° ice)
Idiopathic
Males, right hemidiaphragm
Sniff test
Paradoxical upward motion on affected side
Phrenic Nerve Paralysis
R3
Sniff Test
Normal excursion of 1-2 ribs
Breathe in, diaphragm down
Breathe out, diaphragm up
Paralyzed – paradoxical motion
Breathe in, diaphragm up
Breath out, diaphragm down
Useless with large effusion
Sniff Test
Paralysis of the hemidiaphragm
versus eventration
Diaphragmatic motion is paradoxical in
paralysis but not with eventration
Bilateral Paralysis of the Diaphragm
Less common than unilateral
Occurs in neurologic disease, syrinx, MS
Most develop respiratory failure and
hypercapnea
Tumors of the Diaphragm
Very rare
Benign vs. malignant 50:50
Lipoma (most common benign)
Fibrosarcoma (most common malignant)
Mets occur via direct extension from
pleura or lung
Side Preference-Hernias
Type of hernia
More common on ___ side
Bochdalek hernia
Morgagni hernia
Traumatic rupture
Eventration
Left
Right
Left
Right
“Hernias”
Cong.
Absence
Rupture
Eventration
HH
Bochdalek
Morgagni
The End