Learning Radiology xray montage
 
 
 
 
 

Sarcoid


General

·       Widespread formation of non-caseating granulomas

·       3:1 female:male and 14:1 black:white predominance

·       ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) elevated in 70%

·       Kveim skin test

·       Positive in (70%) but rarely used today

·       Lofgren Syndrome:

·       Acute bilateral hilar adenopathy, fever, erythema nodosum and arthralgia

·       Intrathoracic disease (90%)


Stage I

·       Adenopathy alone (43%)-Stage 1

·       Intrathoracic adenopathy in 80%

·       Location

·        Bilateral hilar and (R) paratracheal

·       Most common (75-90%)

·        “1-2-3 sign”, “Pawn-broker’s sign”, “Garland sign”

·       Unilateral hilar nodes rare (3-8%)

·       Egg-shell calcification hilar nodes in long-standing sarcoid

·       Rare

·       DDX: Silicosis


Stage II

·       Adenopathy and parenchymal disease (41%)-Stage 2

·       Adenopathy usually decreases as parenchymal disease increases

·       About 1/3 of patients with adenopathy develop parenchymal disease


Stage III

·       Parenchymal disease alone (30%)

·       Adenopathy does not develop subsequent to parenchymal disease

·       If adenopathy develops, think of lymphoma or TB


Patterns of lung disease

·       Reticulonodular (46%)

·       Acinar pattern (20%)

·       Larger nodules

·       “Alveolar sarcoid” (2%)

·      Coalescence of numerous interstitial granulomas

·       Air bronchograms present

·       DDX: Alveolar cell ca, alveolar proteinosis, lymphoma


Stage IV

·       End-stage lung disease-Stage 4

·       Diffuse fibrosis

·       Bronchiectasis-honeycomb lung

·       Multiple cysts


Uncommon manifestations

·       Associated with TB (13%)

·       Pleural effusion (2%)

·       Usually exudate with lymphocytic predominance

·       Cavitation of nodules (<1%)

·       Fungus ball formation in chronic sarcoid cavities (usually TB)

·       Focal pleural thickening


Uncommon manifestations

·       Bronchostenosis with lobar atelectasis

·       Pulmonary arterial hypertension

·       Cor pulmonale

·       Pneumothorax 2° chronic lung disease


Extrathoracic disease

·       Peripheral adenopathy (30%)

·       Liver

·       Hepatomegaly

·       Spleen

·        Splenomegaly

·       Bone-especially hands

·       Skin

·       Erythema nodosum

·       Lupus pernio (raised purplish nodules)

·       Muscle

·        Myopathy

·       Eyes

·       Uveitis

·       Uveoparotid fever

·       CNS

·       Granulomatous meningitis

·       Facial nerve palsy

·       Myocardium

·       Arrhythmias

·       Heart block

·       Cardiomyopathy

·       Salivary gland

·       Parotid enlargement

Prognosis

·       3/4 show complete resolution of hilar adenopathy

·       1/3 show complete resolution of parenchymal disease

·       20% have irreversible pulmonary fibrosis

Sarcoid

Sarcoid. There is bilateral hilar (white arrows) and right paratracheal (yellow arrow) adenopathy, the classical triad of adenopathy in pulmonary sarcoid. Notice how adenopathy produces a lobulated, lumpy contour.

sarcoid lung

Sarcoid. There is bilateral hilar (red arrows) and right paratracheal (white arrow) adenopathy, again the classical triad of adenopathy in pulmonary sarcoid. Notice again how adenopathy produces a lobulated, lumpy contour.

Sarcoidosis