Thymoma
©
William Herring, MD, FACR
Thymoma
General
Most common anterior mediastinal mass
Most are solid lymphoepithelial tumors of
the thymus
Some are cystic
About 1/3 are malignant
Rare in children — most common around
5th or 6th decade
Thymoma
Pathology
Four types (about equal in frequency)
Lymphocytic
Epithelial
Mixed
Spindle cell (Hassall’s corpuscles in this
type)
Thymomas
Myasthenia Gravis
50% of patients with thymoma have
myasthenia
15% of patients with myasthenia have
thymomas
About 50% improve following removal
of
thymoma
Thymomas
Clinical
Most are asymptomatic
Many have parathymic syndromes
Mediastinal compression-cough,
dysphagia
Parathymic Syndromes
Seen in many patients with thymomas
Myasthenia gravis (50% of patients with
thymoma)
Red cell aplasia=aregenerative anemia
Acquired hypogammaglobulinemia
Cushing’s syndrome
Thymomas
Malignancy
Surgical evaluation of encapsulation or
invasion is better indicator of malignancy
than actual histology
Surgical evaluation of encapsulation or
invasion is better indicator of malignancy
than actual histology
Thymomas
Malignancy
May spread along pleural reflections to
Posterior mediastinum
Diaphragm
Retroperitoneum
Recurrence rate is high
50% 10 year survival
Thymomas
Imaging
Oval, round or lobulated soft tissue mass
Sharply demarcated
Usually smaller than teratomas
May displace heart and great vessels
posteriorly
Small percentage (5%) may contain
curvilinear or amorphous calcification
Thymoma-Frontal and Lateral Chest
radiographs
Thymoma-Anterior Mediastinal
Mass with Calcifications
Thymomas
MRI Pattern
Isointense on T1
Increased signal on T2
Thymolipomas
Fatty tumors of thymus which constitute
2-9% of thymomas
They can be huge
They occur at junction of heart and
great vessels
The End